A route is flown (85S 100E) to (85S 140W). At 160E the grid track (GT) and true and true track (TT) on a polar stereographic chart with a gird oriented on 180 meridian are respectively

1) On a Mercator chart, the scale:

2) A polar stereographic chart has a grid printed over it which is parallel to the meridian 054°W, with Grid North in the direction of the North geographic pole. An aircraft is following a true course of 330°. At position 80°N 140°E, its grid heading (GH) with this system will be:

3) True course measurements on a Sectional Aeronautical Chart should be made at a meridian near the midpoint of the course because the

4) On a direct Mercator, Great Circles can be represented as:

5) On a direct Mercator, with the exception of the meridians and the Equator, Great Circles are represented as: